森林土壤动物生态功能研究进展

森林土壤动物是森林土壤生态系统中不可分割的重要组成部分，对森林土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动起着重要作用。文中综述了近10年森林土壤动物生态功能的相关研究进展，包括森林土壤动物对土壤理化性质、微生物、植物的影响以及外来土壤动物入侵对土壤生态系统的影响等；展望了我国森林土壤动物的未来研究方向，未来研究应多关注森林土壤动物生态功能的作用机制、森林土壤动物对全球变化的响应、外来土壤动物入侵对森林生态系统的影响、森林土壤动物种类的研究范围以及新技术的应用，以期为我国森林土壤动物生态功能、土壤动物与生态系统、可持续利用土壤动物等领域研究提供科学参考。     

Rate-specific responses of prokaryotic diversity and structure to nitrogen deposition in the Leymus chinensis steppe

Serious nitrogen (N) deposition in terrestrial ecosystems causes soil acidification and changes the structure and function of the microbial community. However, it is unclear how these changes are dependent on N deposition rates, other factors induced by N (e.g., pH), and their interactions. In this study, we investigated the responses of soil prokaryotic community structure and stability after a 13-year N addition in the semi-arid Leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Our results demonstrated that the prokaryotic community structure changed at the low N addition rate of 1.75 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹; however, dramatic changes in microbial abundance, respiratory quotient, and prokaryotic diversity occurred at N addition rates of more than 5.25 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹ when the soil pH dropped below 6.0. The two patterns indicated the difference in driving forces for different microbial properties. The N-driven and pH-driven processes are likely the most important mechanisms determining the responses of bacterial community to N. Some copiotrophic/oligotrophic bacteria, e.g., Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, changed their relative abundances with the N addition continuously even at a low rate, indicating that they were more sensitive to N directly. Some bacterial groups significantly changed their relative abundance at a high N addition rate when pH dropped below 6.0, e.g., Verrucomicrobia and Armatimonadetes, indicating that they were more sensitive to pH below 6.0. N addition altered the prokaryotic community structure through enrichment of copiotrophic bacteria (species adjustment) at low N addition rates and through enrichment of nitrophilous taxa and significant loss of diversity at high N rates. The results also demonstrated that a high N addition diminished the stability of the prokaryotic community structure and activity through reduction in species diversity and bacterial interaction. Overall, this study supported the hypothesis that the responses of prokaryota to N were dependent on deposition rates, and N-driven and pH-driven processes were the important mechanisms to control the shift of the prokaryotic community.     

森林生态系统服务的价值评估和补偿:概念、原则和指标

通过生态系统服务价值评估途径制定森林生态补偿标准,意味着立足于市场评估森林生态系统服务的经济价值。但是,一些问题困扰着评估实践,选择哪些指标用于评估就是难题之一。评估存量还是流量,选择指标时应遵循的原则,也必须事先得到明确界定。本研究应用生态学和经济学理论,提出了评估本身应遵循的范畴和原则,以及应当选取的价值类型和评估指标。     

How do hedgerows influence soil organic carbon stock in livestock‐grazed pasture?

Hedgerows have the potential to influence ecosystem function in livestock‐grazed pasture. Despite this, they are often ignored when quantifying farmland ecosystem service delivery. In this study, we assess the contribution of hedgerows to the ecosystem function of carbon (C) storage, with a particular emphasis on soil organic carbon (SOC). We measured SOC stock (kg C m^?2), on an equivalent soil mass basis, at 0–0.15 m depth in pasture adjacent to 38 hedgerows (biotic) and 16 stone walls or fences (abiotic controls) across ten farms in the county of Conwy, Wales, UK. Pasture SOC stock (~7 kg C m^?2) was similar adjacent to biotic and abiotic field boundaries, positively associated with soil moisture and negatively with soil bulk density (BD). For biotic boundaries, two further variables were significantly associated with SOC stock, distance from hedgerow (decrease in SOC stock) and slope orientation (upslope SOC stock greater than downslope). For pasture adjacent to hedgerows, a model combining the aforementioned variables (BD, soil moisture, distance from hedgerow, slope orientation) explained 78% of variation in SOC stock. This study demonstrates that whilst hedgerows do have subtle positive effects on SOC stock in adjacent pasture, SOC storage adjacent to field boundaries is influenced more by soil moisture content and BD than field boundary type.     

凤庆茶叶种植与混林茶园生态系统研究

中国云南是世界茶树的原产地,而云南省凤庆县又是滇红的诞生地,具有悠久的茶树栽培种植历史,其混林茶园生态系统也具有较高的研究价值。本文通过对其茶叶种植史和混林茶园生态系统进行梳理和研究,厘清凤庆县茶叶种植的历史发展脉络,挖掘凤庆混林茶园生态系统的优势及其应用价值。     

香格里拉普达措国家公园扩建研究

为提升香格里拉普达措国家公园的整体性和有效保护,对迪庆州范围内具有重要生态价值的区域,从国家代表性、生态系统重要性和管理可行性3个方面进行系统评估。适宜性分析结果认为,拟扩建区域山地植被垂直带谱典型完整,足以支撑地带性生物区系,区内多样的地貌构造以及珍贵、罕见的地质地貌景观和遗迹,具有十分重要的世界意义和保护价值,动植物区系较完整,能维持种群生存繁衍、生态功能稳定和生态系统健康,生态原真性十分突出。扩建后国家公园面积1030919.93 hm²,涉及香格里拉市的11个乡镇。综合评价认为,拟扩建区域资源具有国家代表性,生态系统突出,并具备管理可行性,全面符合建设国家公园的条件。提出将白马雪山、哈巴雪山、千湖山、红山、梅里雪山和碧罗雪山等6片区纳入普拉措国家公园扩建范围,并对扩建后国家公园更名、建立管理体制、运行机制等方面提出建议。     

禁牧对退化草地恢复的作用

草地是我国重要的农业自然资源之一,但目前草地退化的现象十分严重,超载过牧是主要原因之一。本文就针对草地退化提出的围封禁牧措施对草地植被、土壤及草地生态系统恢复过程中的作用进行综述,发现适度放牧对草地恢复是必需的,但采取长期围封禁牧恢复与重建草地的做法不可取,围栏封育并非恢复退化草地的万全之计。建议在我国要因地制宜,根据草地的退化程度,采取合理的划区轮牧强度和放牧时间,与退化草地生态恢复的围封措施结合,以达到既能恢复退化草地,又可收获畜产品的双赢目的,实现草地生态系统持续平衡发展的目标。     

外源硅钝化稻田土壤重金属Cd有效性及降低稻谷Cd含量研究

【目的】利用两种外源硅肥材料开展试验,研究外源硅对土壤重金属Cd有效性以及稻谷Cd含量的影响。【方法】以硅胶（分子式mSiO2.nH2O,含量98%以上）、液体硅肥（SiO2浓度≥23%）作为外源硅肥材料,通过在重金属镉Cd超标稻田土壤施用硅胶,在水稻分蘖期、孕穗期喷施液体硅肥,研究硅钝化稻田土壤重金属Cd有效性及降低稻谷Cd含量。【结果】施用硅胶达到100kg/667m2对降低土壤有效Cd含量有极显著效果,表明稻田施用硅胶可以钝化土壤重金属Cd有效性;施用硅胶达到100kg/667m2对降低稻谷Cd含量有显著效果,施用硅胶再配合喷施液体硅肥时,对降低稻谷Cd含量有极显著效果;施用硅胶、液体硅肥对提高稻谷产量有显著作用。【结论】基施硅胶配合喷施液体硅肥,对钝化土壤重金属Cd有效性,降低稻谷Cd含量,提高稻谷产量具有显著效果。     

传统村落整体人文生态系统浅析

指出了整体人文生态系统是人与自然环境协同演化发展形成的有机整体 ,传统村落的整体人文生态系统更是人与自然和谐发展的典型范例.从认知、理解、运用三个层面浅析了传统村落整体人文生态系统 ,并以永定县客家土楼传统村落、元阳县哈尼族传统村落为例评价了传统村落的整体人文生态系统 ,以定位该村落的现状 ,分析了其特征来剖析该村落的遗产价值 ,最后提出了对其保护与开发的简要规划.     

滩涂互花米草除治技术研究

针对福建沿海滩涂外来物种互花米草疯长成灾问题,通过使用滩涂米草除控剂、种植秋茄等方法对互花米草进行除治技术研究,结果表明:在4-7月退潮后,用滩涂米草除控剂300-400 g稀水10 kg液均匀喷湿互花米草茎叶,2个月后叶枯根烂,次年4月下旬在除草迹地插植秋茄胚轴,幼树长势良好,为建设海峡西岸滩涂绿色屏障提供技术支撑.